"Hubert Fauntleroy Julian" (September 21,1897-February 19 1983)

Was a a Trinidad-born African American aviation pioneer.He was nicknamed "The Black

Eagle."He was born in Port of Spain,Trinidad,the son of a cocoa plantation manager.He migrated to Canada in 1914,where he claimed to have learned to pilot an aeroplane and served as Lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Air Force.In 1921 he patterned the "Airplane Safety Appliance,"a combination parachute and propeller.Hubert emigrated from Montreal to Harlem in 1921.His first flight above Harlem occurred during the 1922 Universal Negro Improvement Association Convention,when he flew over the parade in a plane decorated in UNIA slogans.That flight led to his appointment as head of the organization's New Aeronautical Department.He made his first parachute jump on September 3,1922,at an airshow at Curtiss Field on Long Island headlined by African American pilot Bessie Coleman.Several more jumps followed in the next year,at Curtiss Field and at Hasbrough Heights,New Jersey.During one jump in New Jersey in June 1923,Julian played "I'm Running Wild on the saxophone.His most famous parachute jumps were into Harlem itself.On April 29,1923,Julian flew from an airfield in Hasbrough Heights to Harlem,circled City College,dropping two noise bombs to attract resident's attention.He then leaped from the plane,dressed in a bright red suit;the wind carried him away from his target,a vacant lot on 140th Street near Seventh Avenue,to the roof of a tenement at 301 West 140th Street.A large crowd followed him,and after a police officer charged him with disorderly conduct,they carried Julian to the UNIA'S Liberty Hall.Addressing the crowd, he spoke about aviation,promoted a parachute he had designed,and urged them to support A.I. an African American owned department store under threat threat from white competition.On November 5,1923,Julian again flew to Harlem planning to parachute into Saint Nicholas Park.On this occasion,wind carried him instead to the police station on West 123rd Street,as a huge crowd followed.After he became stuck between the station and the next building,two officers pulled him into the second floor.In 1924,Julian shifted his focus from parachuting to piloting aeroplanes and raised funds to buy a seaplane for a transatlantic flight from New York to Liberia.He named the plane Ethiopia I,decorated its tail with red,black and green colors of the UNIA.On July 4,1924,a crowd of thousands gathered on the banks of the Harlem River at 139th Street to see Julian depart.His take-take off was delayed for several hours when the owners of the plane appeared and declared he still owned them $1400.His supporters with the help of UNIA members,eventually collected the money from the crowd.Soon after he took off,one of the pontoons fell of the plane,and it crashed into flushing bay.Julian twice more attempted to raise money to buy planes for flights across the Atlantic.In 1926,he planned a flight to Liberia with backing from a West Indian subsidiary of Standard Oil,boxer Tiger Flowers,Elks Lodges,it never took place.In 1928,he sought funds for a plane to make a round trip flight to Paris.This flight had the backing of State Senator A.Spencer Feld,the response proved disappointing,and Spencer abandoned the effort after six months.Julian never succeeded in flying across the Atlantic,his efforts made him an international celebrity,and in 1931 Emperor Haile Sellassie invited him Ethiopia to take part in his coronation ceremonies.Julian impressed the Emperor with his skills as a parachutist,landing within a few feet of his throne during one ceremony,a feat that won him Ethiopia citizenship and a position in the nation's air force.Julian had less success as a pilot,crashing into the Emperors favorite plane,after which he quickly returned to Harlem.In 1931 he was the first flyer of African descent to fly coast to coast in the U.S. Julian was one of several aviators in the 1920s and 1930s who completed in outdoing each other and briefly holding records for longest non-stop flights.In 1931,for example,Julian held the non-stop non-refueling aviation endurance record with a flight of 84 hours and 33 minutes.He flew a number of flights in and between the Americas,Europe,and Africa,surviving several crashes.In between major flights,he toured with a small all-black flying circus which he headed,call The Five Blackbirds.During the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935,Julian flew to Ethiopia to aid in the defense of Selassie's government.He was put in command of the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force,which at the time consisted of three planes.Upon his return to the U.S.,he was temporarily detained at Ellis Island,over the question of his nationality-British or Ethiopian.Later,after into a public first fist-fight with fellow African American aviator John C.Robinson,Julian was ordered to leave the country.After U.S. entered World War II,Julian volunteered to train for combat with the 99th Pursuit Squadron,the famous Tuskegee Airmen,he was remembered as a colorful character who wore a non-regulation Colonel's uniform,despite not holding that rank in the United States Army Air Forces,and was discharge before graduation.From the 1920s-the 1940s,Julian lived in Harlem and continued receiving press as a local celebrity.He volunteered to fight for Finland in the Finnish-Russian Winter War in 1939 and 1940.He arrived in Finland,ended up leaving Finland soon without participating in any military activities.Julian died in in the borough of the Bronx,New York City.He is buried at the Calverton National Cemetery in Suffolk County,New York.His passing went largely unnoticed.